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They opened the city gates and attacked each and every person who stood in their way. At night the Greeks returned, and their hidden countrymen piled out of the horse. Despite repeated warnings by both Laocoön and Cassandra not to take the horse into the city, the Trojan king let it in. Not accepting defeat, the Greeks built a giant wooden horse to hide small groups of warriors inside. But the well-fortified town, guarded by Prince Hector and other sons of the Trojan royal family, held out and won the war. Agamemnon had the Greek heroes Ajax, Achilles, Odysseus, and Nestor with him, followed by a fleet of more than a thousand ships from all over the Hellenic world.įor the next nine years, the Greeks attacked Troy, its neighboring cities, and countryside. Menelaus then cajoled his brother Agamemnon into leading an army against Troy. When Menelaus asked for her return, the Trojans refused to give her back. The conflict began after Paris, the Trojan prince, took away Helen, the wife of Menelaus of Sparta. In Greek mythology, the Trojan War is the battle between the people of Troy and the Greeks. While some scholars take it as a myth, others have found solid proof that it happened. The actual existence of the Trojan War has always been ambiguous and debatable. However, this civilization had a mysterious ending in 1100 BC during the collapse of the Bronze Age possibly due to an earthquake, in-fighting, or invasion.
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The Mycenaeans were very religious and burial was considered as a mandatory ritual.
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Frescoes depicted captured lions, plants, battle scenes, bull-leaping, and other popular Mycenaean activities. Terracotta statuettes of standing female figures and animals were also popular.
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Pottery shapes were similar to the Minoan designs with some additions such as the alabastron and the goblet. Geometric designs and decorative motifs were popular. Art, architecture, and religious practices were now better expressed, and the major Mycenaean centers included Mycenae, which was also the ancient home of Agamemnon Tiryns, which was considered to be the oldest hub Pylos, Nestor’s home Sparta and probably Athens.īesides trade, art also flourished. The Minoan civilization (2700 BC–1100 BC) which preceded the Mycenaean civilization, was a great influence on the development of the latter. The king or wanax was the head of society. These states developed political, hierarchical, economic, and social systems which were entirely inflexible. The civilization was controlled by an elite warrior class which ruled from a web of palace states. Their religion included many deities that are also part of the Olympic pantheon. Moreover, Linear B, their syllabic script, has been confirmed as one of the first written records in the Greek language. These discoveries influenced trade in the Mediterranean and advanced their economy. The Mycenaean Greeks made innovations in the fields of military infrastructure, engineering, and architecture. It showcases the beginnings of an advanced culture in Greece, exemplified by its architecture, writings, art, and public organization. The Mycenaean civilization marks the declining phase of the Bronze Age in ancient Greece. Beginning of Mycenaean Period (1600 BC–1100 BC)